What are the cells called that process and distribute impulses and make up the core components of the nervous system?

The correct choice identifies neurons as the cells responsible for processing and distributing impulses within the nervous system. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, allowing them to receive signals from other cells, integrate that information, and transmit signals over long distances to different parts of the body.

Neurons play a critical role in various functions, including reflex actions, sensory perception, and signaling between different regions of the brain and body. The ability of neurons to conduct impulses rapidly is fundamental to the functioning of the nervous system as it enables quick communication between different parts of the body, vital for maintaining homeostasis and responding to environmental changes.